Everyone’s Favorite Topics: Social Security and Taxes

Contributed by: Kali Hassinger

Throughout our entire working lives, our hard-earned cash is taken out of each paycheck and paid into a seemingly abstract Social Security Trust fund. As we see these funds disappear week after week, the pain of being taxed is hopefully somewhat alleviated by the possibility that, one day, we can finally collect benefits from the money that has been alluding us for so long. (Maybe you’re also comforted by the fact that you’re paying toward economic security for the elderly and disabled – or maybe not, but I’m an idealist). 

When the time to file for benefits finally arises, however, it may not be clear how this new source of income will affect your tax situation. Although no one pays tax on 100% of their Social Security benefits, the amount that is taxable is determined by the IRS based on your “provisional” or “combined” income. Provisional and combined income are terms that can be use interchangeably, so we will just use provisional from this point forward. Many of you may not be familiar with either term, but I’ll bet it’s no surprise that the beloved IRS uses a system that can be slightly confusing! No need to worry, though, because I’m going to provide you with the basics of Social Security taxation.

Determining your provisional (aka combined) income requires the following formula: 

Adjusted Gross income (AGI) includes almost all forms of income (salaries, pensions, IRA distributions, ordinary dividends, etc.), and it can be found on the 1st page of your Form 1040. AGI does not, however, include tax exempt interest – such as dividends paid from a municipal bond or excluded foreign interest. These can be powerful tax tools in individual situations, but they won’t help when it comes to Social Security taxation. The IRS requires that you add any tax-exempt interest received into your Adjusted Gross Income for this calculation. On top of that, you have to add ½ of your annual social security benefits. The sum of these 3 items will reveal your provisional income for Social Security taxation purposes.

After determining the provisional income amount, the IRS taxes your Social Security benefits using 3 thresholds: 0%, 50%, or 85%. This means that the maximum portion of your Social Security Benefits that can be considered taxable income is 85%, while some people may not be taxed at all. The provisional income dollar amount in relation to the taxation percentage is illustrated in the chart below: 

As you can see, it isn’t difficult to reach the 50% and 85% thresholds, which can ultimately affect your marginal tax bracket.  These thresholds were established in 1984 and 1993, and they have never been adjusted for inflation. The taxable portion of your benefit is the taxed at your normal marginal tax rate. 

Social Security, in general, can be a very confusing and intimidating topic, but it is also a valuable income resource for all who collect benefits. Everyone’s circumstance is different, and it’s important to understand how the benefits are affecting your tax situation. I encourage you to speak to your CPA or Financial Planner with any questions.

Kali Hassinger, CFP® is a Registered Client Service Associate at Center for Financial Planning, Inc.

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This material is being provided for information purposes only and is not a complete description, nor is it a recommendation. The information has been obtained from sources considered to be reliable, but we do not guarantee that the foregoing material is accurate or complete. Any opinions are those of Kali Hassinger and not necessarily those of Raymond James.

New Face around The Center!

Contributed by: Center for Financial Planning, Inc.

At Center for Financial Planning, we love hiring promising student leaders and accomplished young professionals. It gives them a chance to get to know the financial services industry and how we work at The Center. At the same time, we get to capitalize on their bright talent and fresh perspective. This summer, we will have a new intern in the office, Ben Wright. Ben will work primarily with the Investment and Financial Planning Departments to complete research projects, mutual fund performance reporting, and special Client Service based work. Below is a quick note from Ben to you!

 Hi Center for Financial Planning!

I am extremely excited to be joining your team as an intern this summer. Between your modern website and the colorful office setting, CFP looks like an incredible atmosphere to work in. Academically, I am a sophomore at the University of Michigan studying Economics. Working as a Student Equipment Manager for the Michigan football team has allowed me to work directly with coaches and players. I can usually be spotted on the sideline holding a football during home and away games. Professionally, my experience interning at Hoover & Associates gave me the introductory knowledge to mutual funds, model portfolios, and the general operations of a financial advisors office. Outside school and work, I enjoy golfing, running, playing tennis, and almost every other sport you can think of. My love for sports and commitment to serving others led me to travel to Africa last summer where I ran a Christian sports camp at an orphanage in Zambia. I enjoy traveling across the country and all over the world. I am excited to get to know everyone personally, share some of my stories and learn from each of you professionally.

Ben will start in the beginning of May, so if you get a call from him, or see him around the office, don’t be afraid to say “hi!” and welcome him to our Center family!

Identity Protection: Freezing your Credit Report

Contributed by: Melissa Parkins, CFP®

Some 9 million Americans are victims to identity theft every year. Anyone who has ever had their identity compromised knows how frustrating it can be to fix – trust me, I know from the experience. Last year, I wrote about how to check your credit report and what to do if you see something unusual. As you may know, you are entitled to pull your full credit report from each of the 3 credit bureaus once per year at no charge; but what about the remaining 364 days a year (or 365, in 2016’s case)? Chances are you won’t realize that your identity has been compromised until you check your credit report once a year OR you go to apply for a new line of credit and are denied because your score has plummeted. What’s worse is that when you do not catch it right away, it becomes more and more difficult to fix.

So what else can you do to protect yourself?

You can actually block access to your credit report information with a “credit security freeze.” To do this, you contact the three major credit bureaus and instruct them to prohibit new creditors from viewing your credit report and score. Companies with whom you currently have existing accounts with will still be able to access your credit information. You can set up a freeze on your credit information even if you haven’t experienced any fraudulent activity before. A credit security freeze can increase the likelihood of catching identity thieves before they can open new accounts in your name.

How do you do this, and what are the fees?

To freeze your credit reports, you must contact each of the three credit bureaus individually. This can be done online here: Equifax, Experian and TransUnion. Fees and filing requirements vary according to state law.

• In Michigan, The fee to freeze your credit report is $10 for each credit agency you decide to do this with – so $30 total if you freeze your credit with each bureau.

• Once you have frozen your credit report, it can be lifted at any time. In Michigan, it is another fee of $10 to permanently remove the credit freeze.

• You can also have the freeze temporarily lifted for a specific period of time or for a specific party (specific party lift is not available in Michigan, but it is in some states). For instance, if you were to start a new job or open up a new line of credit and that company needed access to your credit report, you would need to temporarily lift your freeze. Again, in Michigan it would be a $10 fee for a specific date range lift.

• If you are a past victim of identity theft, the fees are waived (must provide a copy of a valid complaint filed with law enforcement or a police report), so you can freeze your credit and utilize the temporary lifting at any time for no cost.

Who should freeze their credit reports?

As you can see, all of the fees can really add up. So if you are planning any action that requires a credit check, you may want to delay setting up a freeze. Some actions that would require a credit check are things like:

• Starting a new job

• Buying or refinancing a home

• Taking out a loan

• Opening a credit card

• Opening an account with anew utility company or cellphone provider

Placing a security freeze on your credit report does not affect your credit score, nor does it keep you from obtaining your credit report from each of the agencies at any time. Although a freeze can help block identity thieves from opening new accounts with your information, it does not prevent them from making charges on existing accounts. So you should still continue to monitor statements for existing accounts for fraudulent transactions. As you can see, freezing your credit report can be a useful tool for protecting your identity, but it may not be right for everyone. Before setting up a freeze on your credit report, you will want to make sure the timing is right for your unique situation. Let us know if we can be of help.

Melissa Parkins, CFP® is an Associate Financial Planner at Center for Financial Planning, Inc.

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This material is being provided for information purposes only and is not a complete description, nor is it a recommendation. Any opinions are those of Melissa Parkins and not necessarily those of Raymond James. The information has been obtained from sources considered to be reliable, but Raymond James does not guarantee that the foregoing material is accurate or complete.

Raymond James is not affiliated with Equifax, Experian, or TransUnion.

Links are being provided for information purposes only. Raymond James is not affiliated with and does not endorse, authorize or sponsor any of the listed websites or their respective sponsors. Raymond James is not responsible for the content of any website or the collection or use of information regarding any website's users and/or members.

The Center - Just like a Fine Wine

Contributed by: Timothy Wyman, CFP®, JD

Recently my wife Jen and I spent a few days in California Wine Country, and specifically Sonoma. While the weather was a bit wet, at least the wine was too! We had a chance to visit several wineries engaging in both tasting and learning of the rich and proud traditions of each winery. At its core, wine making is pretty straightforward: they plant grapes, they grow grapes, and then they make those grapes into wine. But boy can they share a story!

One winery visit in particular stood out. The guide at the Gundlach & Bundschu Winery shared their longstanding tradition of their family owned winery and their focus on “making small lots of ultra premium wines from a distinctive and historic property.” As I listened to the rich history, I couldn’t help but think of The Center – now celebrating over 30 years of service. The Center is very much a family in terms of how we treat both our team and our clients. Our collective goal is to serve a select clientele providing ultra-premium financial advice.

As Jen and I continued to visit several wineries I was struck how it wasn’t just about “making those grapes into wine.” Each and every one had a unique story to share – sharing how they felt they were indeed different from the soil or grapes in the rest of region and even right next door. Jen and I heard of tales of family, strong work ethic, and careful attention to the land and processes used to harvest their grapes. Each winery seemed to articulate how they were unique.

So what makes The Center a financial winery of sorts? After all, like wineries, there are hundreds and even thousands of folks providing what may generically be called financial planning. Like the great wines that reflect the complexity and character of great vineyards, The Center has cultivated a rich vineyard of sorts to harvest distinctive and helpful financial solutions. Moreover, just like the fine wineries, the combination or totality of the process is a differentiator.

For over 30 years we have been helping families, like you, to “Live Your Plan™.” First and foremost, our work together is all about You, Your Plan, and Your Goals. Our firm was created by founders looking to provide financial planning advice in a better, more holistic way in order to give clients a greater chance at educating their children and at planning a successful retirement. Secondly, The Center offers a multigenerational approach in terms of both serving our clients’ families and our team of 20 professionals. Lastly, The Center focuses on a Team Approach to provide world-class solutions and strategies to clients rather than relying only on individual talent. The sum of the parts is certainly greater than the individual pieces. Providing our clients a full team of skilled service oriented professionals has been a cornerstone for many years.

The Center strives each day to produce the finest financial planning advice to you, our clients, so that you may enjoy the fruits of the harvest. Carpe Vinum!

Timothy Wyman, CFP®, JD is the Managing Partner and Financial Planner at Center for Financial Planning, Inc. and is a contributor to national media and publications such as Forbes and The Wall Street Journal and has appeared on Good Morning America Weekend Edition and WDIV Channel 4. A leader in his profession, Tim served on the National Board of Directors for the 28,000 member Financial Planning Association™ (FPA®), mentored many CFP® practitioners and is a frequent speaker to organizations and businesses on various financial planning topics.

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Any opinion are those of Time Wyman, CFP®, JD, and not necessarily those of Raymond James.

Care Agreements Document for Couples

Contributed by: Sandra Adams, CFP®

In the last several months I have been a part of several client conversations, many of which left me feeling a sense of great concern for at least one member of the couple. You see, these conversations all involved client couples that were dealing with one spouse having been diagnosed with some form of cognitive impairment, and the other serving as the primary care giver. In all of these cases, the caregiver expressed a multitude of emotions: responsibility, stress, worry, grief, and even a sense of being lost – as if they didn’t know where to go from here and they didn’t want to let their loved one know how they were feeling.

We all want nothing more than to love and care for our partners, to our best abilities, for the rest of our lives. At least that is what we vow when we marry on our wedding days. Little do we know what lies in our futures—chronic health issues or possible long term cognitive impairment—that may require intensive caregiving. What do we expect of our spouse in those cases? Will we want our spouse to provide personal care and will we want to remain at home, no matter the personal and financial sacrifice?  We have all heard and read that caregiver stress is a very real issue in the U.S., as many spouses and families strive to keep their loved ones cared for at home; unfortunately, this “I can do it all” approach leads to many caregivers falling ill and passing away before the “ill” spouse (or just giving up the quality of life once hoped for). So, how do we prevent this from happening?

I propose that when we are writing all of our other estate planning documents—our Wills, Patient Advocates, and Durable Power of Attorney Documents—that we consider writing a Care Agreements Document with our spouse or significant other.

What would this agreement include, you ask?

• If I get ill, or become cognitively impaired, how do I want to be cared for?

• If I am cognitively impaired/what do I expect of you as a caregiver and do I expect you to care for me at home (is there permission for you to make a move to a facility for safety reasons)?

• If I get ill or become cognitively impaired, do I expect you to provide the care, or do I give you permission to hire care and do I prefer that you visit with me and spend quality time with me.

• Any other items that seem important (i.e. whether or not it is important to keep pets, and or other items that are important to you if you become ill).

Having a Care Agreements Document between spouses/partners in advance of an illness does a couple of things:

1. It helps both partners make clearer decisions in times of stress if/when the time comes. It also takes away any feelings of guilt because you have had the conversation advance of an illness.

2. You have in writing what the care wishes are for your partner in the case of any disagreement from children (whether your children or from a second marriage, etc.). 

While a Care Agreement Document is not a legal document, it is something that helps express wishes for the person that is named in charge of making decisions for you (Durable Power of Attorney, etc.) and can be a great way to begin a conversation about those end of life issues that we don’t like to talk about, but need to. 

In next month’s blog, I will write about using the Care Agreements Document for family caregiving, so stay tuned!

Sandra Adams, CFP® is a Partner and Financial Planner at Center for Financial Planning, Inc. Sandy specializes in Elder Care Financial Planning and is a frequent speaker on related topics. In addition to her frequent contributions to Money Centered, she is regularly quoted in national media publications such as The Wall Street Journal, Research Magazine and Journal of Financial Planning.

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This material is being provided for information purposes only and is not a complete description, nor is it a recommendation. Any opinions are those of Sandy Adams and not necessarily those of Raymond James. The information has been obtained from sources considered to be reliable, but Raymond James does not guarantee that the foregoing material is accurate or complete. You should discuss any legal matters with the appropriate professional.

First Quarter 2016 Investment Commentary

Contributed by: Angela Palacios, CFP®

The relatively benign appearing performance year-to-date of the S&P 500 of 1.35% does not tell the full story of the storm beneath.  Markets started out the year spooked by China and the prospects of four interest rate increases being projected by the Federal Reserve (the Fed).  Recessionary fears seemed to spike mid-February and then recede as economic data such as retail sales, manufacturing, employment, and consumer sentiment came in slightly better than expected or at least didn’t surprise to the downside. 

Janet Yellen, chair of the Fed, ended the quarter with a noticeably dovish speech justifying the Federal Open Market Committee’s lower path for rate increases by citing global growth risks.  The Fed now anticipates only two interest rate increases this year instead of their original four.  Meanwhile, interest rates overseas pushed farther into negative territory while the Bank of Japan introduced their own negative interest rate policy leaving the U.S. as one of the few havens in the world that is still providing yield. 

Last Year’s Losers are this Year’s Winners

2015 positive market returns were driven very narrowly by just a handful of stocks.  This year has turned on a dime with the worst performing companies of 2015 being the best performers in 2016.  The below chart breaks the S&P 500 up into 10 groups based on 2015 performance.  Group one represents the best performing stocks in 2015 and group ten represents the worst performing stocks in 2015.  The green and red bars represent performance from each of these groups during the first quarter of 2016.

*Bespoke Investment Group

Moderation in the U.S. Dollar

The dollar slowing its steady advance has helped to ease some of the headwinds for commodities, namely oil, as well as emerging markets debt and equities.  The dollar has given up some of its gains from 2015, due to lowered expectations of the Fed hiking rates.  It is quite common for currency markets to over-react to the monetary policy differences that we are seeing between the U.S. and other countries (negative interest rates overseas versus interest rate increases here at home) so we may yet see the dollar move back into slow strengthening mode.

Summer Real Estate Sizzles

Current housing markets seem to have a severe lack of supply of single family homes similar to the late 1990’s and early 2000’s.  Yet new homes being built are at much lower levels then they were during those years.  Prices will likely continue their upward trend of the past few years as demand continues to exceed supply.  Mortgage rates continue to be low especially after the Fed decided to put on the brakes of raising rates.  All of these factors should equate to a favorable market for home sellers. 

Here is some additional information we want to share with you this quarter:

Checkout the quarterly Investment Pulse, by Angela Palacios, CFP®, summarizing some of the research done over the past quarter by our Investment Department. 

In honor of the Game of Thrones premier, Angie Palacios, CFP®, has also discovered a Game of Negative Interest rates that’s playing out in our world right now. Check out Investor Ph.D.

Confused by interest rates and interbank lending? Nick Boguth, Investment Research Associate, breaks it down for you in Investor Basics by using Game of Thrones.

It’s tax season, which also means refunds may be coming your way! Check out these scenarios from Jaclyn Jackson, Investment Research Associate, and see what the smartest plan for your refund is!

Quarters like this one remind us of the importance of diversification.  While a well-diversified portfolio will likely never generate the highest returns possible it also shouldn’t generate the lowest returns.  The primary goal is to manage your risk and keep the end goal of your financial plan at the forefront.  The key to success in investing is developing that plan with realistic goals and then sticking to it even during times like February when it is tempting to deviate. 

We thank you for your continued trust in us to help you through all types of markets to reach your goals.  If ever you have questions, please, don’t hesitate to reach out to me, your planner or any other members of our staff.

Angela Palacios, CFP®
Director of Investments
Financial Advisor

Angela Palacios, CFP® is the Portfolio Manager at Center for Financial Planning, Inc. Angela specializes in Investment and Macro economic research. She is a frequent contributor to Money Centered as well as investment updates at The Center.

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The S&P 500 is an unmanaged index of 500 widely held stocks that is generally considered representative of the U.S. stock market. Keep in mind that individuals cannot invest directly in any index. The foregoing information has been obtained from sources considered to be reliable, but we do not guarantee that it is accurate or complete. Any opinions are those of Angela Palacios and not necessarily those of Raymond James.

First Quarter 2016 Investment Pulse

Contributed by: Angela Palacios, CFP®

We hit the ground running in the New Year with great insight from outside experts on a wide array of topics ranging from fixed income research to how to conduct a more successful investment committee meeting and nearly everything in between!  Here is a summary of some of the highlights.

Chris Dillon, a global fixed income portfolio specialist with T. Rowe Price

An hour spent listening to Chris was one of the most informative yet exhausting hours of the quarter!  He spent much of his time explaining global complexities within the fixed income markets and how they could affect investors in the coming months.  Of particular interest was a discussion on negative rates and his opinion that we will likely look back on these negative interest rate policies around the world as being completely ineffective.  Also discussed was the coming money market reform here in the U.S. with the formation of Prime Money Markets that will have floating pricing (Net Asset Values).  While these will mostly affect institutional level investors his recommendation was not to purchase these, but they could create a fundamental change in the market place presenting interesting opportunities for short term bond investors.

Bob Collie, Chief Research strategist, Americas Institutional, Russell Investments

Bob discussed the difficulty of working in committees as it isn’t something that comes naturally to most people.  He offered many questions to ask ourselves to understand how our own investment committee measures up to others.  These answers helped identify areas to focus on improving.  Since our investment committee meets at least once a month you can imagine the agendas are usually very packed.  We need to make the most of our time together overseeing portfolios.  Areas we are focusing on improving after listening to Bob have been visioning (what does success of committee work look like), dynamic discussions, and pre-reading of agenda items and background research so we all have time to formulate our points for the discussion ahead of time.  We have already noted improvements during the meeting and outcomes from the meetings.  Hopefully even more improvements are on the horizon!

Jeremy Siegel, Ph.D., Russell E. Palmer Professor of Finance at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and Senior Investment Strategy Advisor, Wisdom Tree

"Bubble, the most overused word in finance today."

He believes the market has an aggregation bias, if there are a few stocks or a sector that has large losses, like energy does now, the entire market can look skewed.  The energy sector is biasing the P-E index of the market upward making it look more expensive as a whole than it really is.  He thinks fundamentals have driven interest rates to zero rather than artificial means, the FED has simply followed suit reducing interest rates along the way.  Economic growth and risk aversion are the most important determinants of real rates.  Increased risk aversion, aging investors, a desire for liquidity and the de-risking of pension funds has increased demand for bonds forcing their yields lower.  Jeremy has always had a very bullish view on the markets and now seemed no different.  He feels returns over the coming years will fall in line with long term averages.

Angela Palacios, CFP® is the Portfolio Manager at Center for Financial Planning, Inc. Angela specializes in Investment and Macro economic research. She is a frequent contributor to Money Centered as well as investment updates at The Center.

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This material is being provided for information purposes only and is not a complete description, nor is it a recommendation. Any opinions are those of Angela Palacios and not necessarily those of Raymond James. The information has been obtained from sources considered to be reliable, but Raymond James does not guarantee that the foregoing material is accurate or complete. Raymond James is not affiliated with and does not endorse the opinions or services of Chris Dillon, Bob Collie, Jeremy Siegel or the companies/organizations they represent. Investing involves risk and investors may incur a profit or a loss regardless of strategy selected. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. There is no guarantee that these statements, opinions or forecasts provided herein will prove to be correct.

Investor Ph.D. Series: A Game of Negative Interest Rates

Contributed by: Angela Palacios, CFP®

While many of us, including me, are eager for the new season of Game of Thrones to begin to see what happens next in Westeros, another game is surfacing around our world. Countries around the world are changing the rules of the game by pushing interest rates into negative territory. What happens when this occurs? Winter seems to be inevitable for the citizens in the seven kingdoms but is it inevitable for us?

My colleague Nick Boguth recently wrote a blog explaining the different types of interest rates: Policy, Interbank, and Bank lending rates. Each of the rates is affected differently when interest rates are pushed into negative territory but all are ultimately connected. 

When Policy Rates go Negative

This is the money paid to banks when they deposit their excess reserves with the Central Bank or have to borrow from the Central Bank to meet their reserve requirements. When these rates go negative it makes it cheaper for commercial banks to borrow to meet their reserve requirements but can actually cost the bank money when they park their excess reserves with the Central Bank overnight. Like the Iron Bank of Braavos “The Iron (Central) Bank will have its due.” This encourages banks to look around for something else to do with their excess reserves, like looking to each other to borrow from and lend to rather than the Central Bank. 

When Interbank Rates go Negative

Banks lending to each other is affected by negative rates as they must now pay to lend money to another bank. The only way they would do this is if they had to pay less to loan their money to another bank than to pay to park it at the Central Bank. Neither of these situations is desirable. Institutions desire to earn money on these excess reserves rather than pay to loan to anyone. That has spurred them to buy short-term government debt with their excess reserves to try to seek some yield and the result is that they have pushed Government yields in certain countries, like Germany, into negative territory too. This, in turn, also drags down rates on corporate debt as they are correlated to government bond yields. 

When Bank Lending Rates go Negative

The domino effect of all of these negative rates should pass through to the consumer but doesn’t always show up in lending rates. This negative deposit rate pushes down rates on short-term loans of other types of lending the bank does, like home and auto financing. But other factors, such as credit risk (while a Lannister always pays their debts, consumers don’t) and term premia can put a floor on how low rates can go to the consumer. Favorable lending rates also can be made up with charging consumers more to park their money in the bank. In theory, this downward pressure on rates is supposed to provide an economic boost while also weakening the country’s currency.

No one knows how the series Game of Thrones is going to end as the books have yet to be written. Like the show, the book has not yet been written on the full impact of negative interest rates either. It remains to be seen how this game ultimately ends!

http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/pages/macroeconomic-insights-folder/negative-interest-rates-101/img-01-slide.png

http://www.wsj.com/articles/everything-you-need-to-know-about-negative-rates-1456700481?cb=logged0.8200769642227588

This material is being provided for information purposes only. Any opinions are those of Angela Palacios and not necessarily those of Raymond James. The information has been obtained from sources considered to be reliable, but Raymond James does not guarantee that the foregoing material is accurate or complete.

Links are being provided for information purposes only. Raymond James is not affiliated with and does not endorse, authorize or sponsor any of the listed websites or their respective sponsors. Raymond James is not responsible for the content of any website or the collection or use of information regarding any website's users and/or members.

Investor Basics: Bank Loans, Interest Rates, and Game of Thrones

Contributed by: Nicholas Boguth

In the spirit of preparing for season six of Game of Thrones, this set of Investor Basics and Investor Ph.D blogs is aimed to discuss bank loans and interest rates with respect to the increasingly popular adventure/fantasy television series. Check out our Director of Investment’s blog “A Game of Negative Interest Rates” HERE.

There are three types of bank loans – 1: Central Bank Loans, 2: Interbank Loans, and 3: Consumer Loans. Each loan is between different parties and has a different interest rate.

Central Banks require commercial banks to meet reserve requirements to ensure their liquidity. At the end of every day, after all of a commercial bank’s clients deposit and withdraw money, if that bank has less than the reserve requirement then it has to borrow money to raise its reserves.

If it has to borrow money to raise its reserves, it has two options. It can either borrow from the Central Bank at the discount rate, or borrow from a fellow commercial bank that has excess reserves at the end of its business day. Commercial banks borrow from each other at the federal funds rate. Currently the discount rate is 1% and the federal funds rate is 0.5%. Obviously, commercial banks prefer to borrow at the lower rate, so interbank lending is much more common than borrowing from the Central Bank. Borrowing from the Central Bank is more of a last resort for commercial banks.

The third interest rate that banks deal with is the bank lending rate. This is the rate that we, the consumers, see when we walk into a commercial bank and ask for a loan. The discount rate and federal funds rate affect banks’ lending rates, but it is also influenced by how creditworthy the customer is, the banks’ operating costs, the term of the loan, and other factors.

For all you Game of Thrones fans, you can think of the Central Bank like the Iron Bank of Braavos. It is the most powerful financial institution in the world, but it only lends to those that can repay debts (e.g. the Central Bank only lends to commercial banks). Not just anyone can borrow from the Central Bank, but the Lannister’s can because “A Lannister always pays his debts.”  SPOILER ALERT coming for anyone who has not made it through season 5: Remember back to season 5 when the Iron Bank is forcing the Iron Throne to repay one-tenth of their debts? Lord Mace offers that House Tyrell could lend the Lannister’s some money so that they could meet the Iron Bank’s “reserve requirement” of one-tenth. This is interbank lending! Thankfully for us, the cost of borrowing money in real life is only the interest rate, whereas in Game of Thrones it could be one’s life.

Nicholas Boguth is an Investment Research Associate at Center for Financial Planning, Inc. and an Investment Representative with Raymond James Financial Services.

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This material is being provided for information purposes only. Any opinions are those of Nick Boguth and not necessarily those of Raymond James. The information has been obtained from sources considered to be reliable, but Raymond James does not guarantee that the foregoing material is accurate or complete.

How Should I Use My Tax Refund?

Contributed by: Jaclyn Jackson

Tax filing season is over and many people are entitled to get money back from Uncle Sam.  While most of us are tempted to buy the latest gadget or book a vacation, there may be a better way to use your tax refund. If you are pondering what to do with your tax refund, here are a few questions to help determine whether you should SAVE, INVEST, or SPEND it.

Have you been delaying one of the following: car repair, dental or vision checks, or home improvement?

If you answered yes: SPEND

If you had to be conservative with your income last year and as a result postponed car, health, or home maintenance, you can use your tax refund to get those things done.  Postponing routine maintenance to save money short term may add up to huge expenses long term (i.e. having to purchase a new car, incurring major medical expenses, or dealing with costly home repairs.)

Do you have debt with high interest rates?

If you answered yes: SPEND

High interest rates really hurt over time. For instance, let’s say you have a $5,000 balance at 15% APR and only paid the minimum each month.  It would take you almost nine years to pay off the debt and cost you an additional $2,118 interest (a 42% increase to your original loan) for a total payment of $7,118. Use your tax return to dig out of the hole and get debt down as much as possible.

Could benefit from buying or increasing your insurance?

If you answered yes: SPEND

1. Consider personal umbrella insurance for expenses that exceed your normal home or auto liability coverage.

2. Make sure you have enough life insurance.

3. Beef up your insurance to protect against extreme weather conditions like flooding or different types of storm damage that are not normally included in a standard policy.  Similarly, you can use your tax refund to physically your home from tough weather conditions; clean gutters, trim low hanging branches, seal windows, repair your roof, stock an emergency kit, buy a generator, etc.

Have you had to use emergency funds the last couple of years to meet expenses?

If you answered yes: SAVE

Stuff happens and usually at unpredictable times, so it’s understandable that you may have dipped into your emergency reserves. You can use your tax refund to replenish rainy day funds.  The rule of thumb is to have at least 3-6 months of your expenses saved for emergencies. 

Are you considered a contract or contingent employee?

If you answered yes: SAVE

Temporary and contract employment has become pretty common in our labor-competitive economy where high paying positions are few and far between. If you paid estimated taxes, you may be eligible for a tax refund. Take this opportunity to build up savings to buffer against slow seasons or gaps in employment. 

Could you benefit from building up retirement savings?

If you answered yes: INVEST

Get ahead of the game with an early 2016 contribution to your Roth IRA or traditional IRA.  You can add up to $5,500 to your account (or $6,500 if you are age 50 or older).  Investing in a work sponsored retirement plan like a 401(k), 403(b), or 457(b) is also recommended so you could beef up your contributions for the rest of the year and use the refund to supplement your cash flow in the meantime. 

Are you interested saving for your child’s college education?

If you answered yes: INVEST

College expenses aren’t getting any cheaper and there’s no time like the present to start saving for your child’s college tuition.  Money invested in a 529 account could be used tax-free for college bills with the added bonus of a state income tax deduction for you contribution.

Could you benefit professionally from entering a certification program, attending conferences/seminar, or joining a professional organization?

If you answered yes: INVEST

It’s always a good idea to invest in your development.  Why not use your tax refund to propel your future?  Try a public speaking or professional writing course; attend a conference that will give you useful information or potentially widen your network.   

Did you answer “no” to all the questions above?

If you answered yes: HAVE FUN

Buy the latest gadget.  Book the vacation.  You’ve earned it!

Jaclyn Jackson is an Investment Research Associate at Center for Financial Planning, Inc. and an Investment Representative with Raymond James Financial Services.

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This material is being provided for information purposes only and is not a complete description, nor is it a recommendation. Any information is not a complete summary or statement of all available data necessary for making an investment decision and does not constitute a recommendation. Any opinions are those of Jaclyn Jackson and not necessarily those of Raymond James. You should discuss any tax or legal matters with the appropriate professional. Prior to making an investment decision, please consult with your financial advisor about your individual situation. Please include: Links are being provided for information purposes only. Raymond James is not affiliated with and does not endorse, authorize or sponsor any of the listed websites or their respective sponsors. Raymond James is not responsible for the content of any website or the collection or use of information regarding any website's users and/or members. Hypothetical examples are for illustration purposes only.